Overview

by John Park
feather_IMG_3321_2k.jpg

Play fresh drum patterns with this 16-step disc sequencer, made with CircuitPython on Feather M4 Express and Crickit! It uses reflection sensors to read the steps marked on the paper wheel — four tracks of different sound samples can be triggered. The outer clock track keeps everything synchronized.

feather_IMG_3359_2k_b.jpg

You’ll use a continuous rotation servo to spin the disc, driven by the Crickit FeatherWing, plus the capacitive touch pads provide tempo controls to increase or decrease the BPM (beats per minute) of your player. CircuitPython code running on the Feather M4 handles all of the coordination of the elements, and audio mixer playback duties as well.

Sequencers come in many forms. Today, we recognize drum machines, groove boxes, and computer DAW (digital audio workstation) software as typical sequencers. However, the player piano, with its paper roll that actuates valves and hammers to strike strings, or a music box, with its revolving cylinder or disc that plucks a tuned metal comb are also early forms of music sequencers. Our disc-based step sequencer works just like these early sequencers, but uses optical sensing to read the steps to play at the proper time.

feather_83120728-6F7B-481D-AEDD-398D300795A0.jpg
Harke [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], from Wikimedia Commons

How it Works

The Disc Step Sequencer works like this:

  • The Feather M4, running a CircuitPython program, tells the Crickit's servo driver to spin the continuous rotation servo, to which the disc is connected
  • Five IR (infrared) reflection sensors watch for black drum pattern step marks and clock step marks (more on this later) on the disc, and send signals through the Crickit's Signal I/O pins to the Feather M4
  • Each time the outer sensor detects a clock step, the Feather M4 polls the other four sensors to see if any of them have encountered a drum pattern step
  • When one or more of the four drum track sensors are triggered for a given clock step, the CircuitPython audio mixer plays the assocated drum voice sample .wav files over the Crickit's amplifier to the connected speaker
  • The tempo can be adjusted by touching the capacitive touch sensors on the Crickit
feather_disc_diagram.jpg

Parts

1 x Continuous Rotation Servo
Continuous Rotation Servo
1 x Helping Third Hand Magnifier
W/Magnifying Glass Tool
1 x Speaker - 40mm Diameter
4 Ohm 3 Watt
1 x Through-Hole Resistors
220 ohm 5% 1/4W - Pack of 25
1 x Small Single Row Wire Housing Pack
for DIY Jumper Cables

Materials

In addition to the parts listed above, you'll also need:

  • White letter sized cardstock or paper, 8-1/2" x 11"
  • Printer for printing the disc template
  • Black chalk marker for creating patterns by hand (regular markers are too shiny and don't reliably absorb the infrared light)
  • Scissors
  • Hobby knife
  • Soldering iron and solder
  • Small screwdriver
  • Diagonal cutters
  • Chipboard for cutting an 8" diameter disc, or
  • MDF wood circle from hobby store
  • Glue stick
  • Hot melt glue gun and glue sticks

Feather M4 and Crickit Prep

by John Park

We'll be using CircuitPython for this project. Are you new to using CircuitPython? No worries, there is a full getting started guide here.

Adafruit suggests using the Mu editor to edit your code and have an interactive REPL in CircuitPython. You can learn about Mu and its installation in this tutorial.

Follow this guide for instructions on installing the latest release version of CircuitPython for the Feather M4 Express.

You'll also need to add the following libraries for this project. Follow this guide on adding libraries. The ones you'll need are:

  • adafruit_bus_device
  • adafruit_motor
  • adafruit_register
  • adafruit_seesaw
  • adafruit_crickit
  • adafruit_dotstar
  • adafruit_debouncer
  • neopixel
  • simpleio

Download the latest adafruit-circuitpython-bundle .zip file as instructed in the guide linked below. Unzip the file and drag those libraries to the lib folder on your Feather M4 CIRCUITPY drive (create it if it does not already exist).

Crickit FeatherWing Setup

If you're new to the wonderful Crickit board, take a look at the main guide here. You'll notice the Crickit has its own micro USB port -- this is used only occasionally to update the seesaw firmware on the Crickit itself. You can follow these instructions on updating to the latest firmware before getting started.

Audio Amp

The Crickit FeatherWing has a 3W class-D audio amplifier built in. By default, it is not connected to the Feather's pin A0 DAC (digital-analog converter) pin, since you can also choose to connect it to a PWM pin. We'll be using the A0 DAC output pin, so go ahead and solder a jumper across the pads shown here to send the DAC audio to the amp.

You can use a small wire or solder blob to get the job done, however, I like to use two male header pins and a jumper shunt so that I can "mute" the speaker easily by lifting the shunt.

feather_audioFeatherJumper.jpg

Audio Jumper

 

Solder two male header pins to the pads labeled "Audio"

 

Connect them with a jumper shunt to send the Feather M4 pin A0 DAC output to the Crickit FeatherWing's Class-D amplifier
There is a tiny trim potentiometer on the Crickit just below the Audio jumper where you can adjust volume with a small screwdriver.

Plug the Feather M4 into the Crickit

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Now, we're ready to build the sensor circuit, and connect it to the Crickit, along with the speaker, servo, and power.

Build the Sensor Circuit

by John Park
feather_disc_seq_Fritz.png
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We'll build our own sensor bar to read the track steps. We'll use five sensors. The IR sensor packages contain two small elements, an IR LED and an IR sensor enclosed in a plastic housing.

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You can ignore the leg lengths (short leg doesn't mean ground in all cases) and instead use the diagram to orient things properly.

feather_reflection_sensor3.png

The IR LED is the clear element. It will receive power from the Crickit's 3.3V line, with a 220 Ohm resistor to reduce the voltage. The dark element is the IR phototransistor. It will send a signal to one of the Crickit's Signal input pins, using the internal pullup resistors of the Crickit. Both are tied to ground.

feather_disc_seq_Fritz_CU.png

You can build this on a breadboard for testing; ultimately we'll solder it onto an Adafruit Perma Proto board.

Proto Board Build

Sensors

 

To start, place the sensors into the perma-proto board as shown and solder them in place. Match the orientation and spacing shown here.

 

You don't have to flip the board upside down, I only did so to keep the fancy silkscreen side facing up in the final project.

 

Don't push them down too far, the distance from the board must be consistent from sensor to sensor -- about 12mm away from the board. This will allow us to angle the board for optimal reflection reading.

Resistors

 

Next, add 220 Ohm current limiting resistors for each IR LED element.

 

Run a resistor from the V+ leg of each sensor to the + power rail on the Perma Proto board. (Note how I marked each rail to avoid confusion due to flipping the board upside down.)

Ground

 

Now, ground each of the sensor ground legs to the bottom ground rail on the perma-proto board with a small wire jumper.

 

You can ground each wire to the rail individually, or jumper them all horizontally as shown. It doesn't look pretty, but it works and won't be seen in the final project!

 

To connect them horizontally, strip the insulation from a length of wire that spans the width of the sensor array and then solder it down to each column with a giant, slug-like trail of solder. Admittedly, this was faster than making nine more small jumpers, but I sorta wish I had now ; ]

We'll also connect the Perma Proto board's two ground rails with a jumper wire.

Interconnects

To connect the sensor bar to the Crickit sensor inputs and power, we'll make some cable sets and add removable header connectors.

 

First, peel off a five wire section of the raw male/male jumper wires with the color set as shown.


Then, push the cable ends on either side into their own 5-pin dupont connector.

 

Repeat this with a red-brown pair of male/female jumper wire, and add 2-pin dupont connectors to it.

 

Next, use diagonal cutters to clip off a 5-pin section of the right-angled female header, and a 2-pin section of the right-angled male header. We'll use different polarities here to reduce the chance of mis-plugging something.

 

Solder the 5-pin header as shown.

 

Jumper a column to power rail and ground as shown, then add the 2-pin male header as shown, this is where the power will plug in. It is important to plug these in correctly! The color coded jumper wire helps.

Wiring the Sensors

Lastly, run a color coded jumper wire from each sensor's signal leg to the associated pin coming from the cable interconnect as shown. Solder these in place and our sensor board is ready for use!

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Now, plug the cables into the Crickit's Signal I/O ports as shown.

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Speaker

Place the speaker wires into the two speaker terminal ports on the Crickit and screw them down firmly. You may need to strip a little extra insulation from each wire first to get a better connection.

Servo

Plug the continuous rotation servo cable into the Servo 1 port on the Crickit with the orange wire nearest to the outside edge of the Crickit.

Power

Plug the 5V 2A DC power adapter plug into the Crickit's power barrel jack.

feather_IMG_3290_2k.jpg

Disc Step Sequencer Audio and Code

by John Park

Power your Crickit with a 5V supply into the black power connector (and not the Crickit's silver USB port).

Plug in your Feather M4 to your computer via USB and then turn on the Crickit's power switch. (Make sure you plug into the Feather M4 USB port, not the Crickit USB port!)

The Feather M4's CIRCUITPY drive will show up on your computer. We're going to copy some .wav files onto the CIRCUITPY drive. Download and uncompress this .zip file and then drag the .wav files onto the Feather M4's CIRCUITPY drive.

Code

Here is the code we'll use. Copy it and then paste it into the Mu editor. Save it to your Feather M4 as code.py

Download: Project Zip or Disc_Step_Sequencer.py | View on Github 
"""
Opto Mechanical Disc Step Sequencer from John Park's Workshop
 Crickit Feather M4 Express, Crickit FeatherWing, continuous servo,
 four reflection sensors, speaker

Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code.
Please support Adafruit and open source hardware by purchasing
products from Adafruit!

Written by Dave Astels for Adafruit Industries
Copyright (c) 2018 Adafruit Industries
Licensed under the MIT license.

All text above must be included in any redistribution.
"""

import audioio
import board
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction
from adafruit_crickit import crickit
from adafruit_debouncer import Debouncer

#  You get 4 samples, they must all have the same sample rate and must
#  all be mono or stereo (no mix-n-match!)
#  mixer info https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/audioio/Mixer.html

VOICES = ["bd_tek.wav", "elec_hi_snare.wav", "ch_01.wav", "clap_01.wav"]
# Parse the first file to figure out what format its in
with open(VOICES[0], "rb") as f:
    wav = audioio.WaveFile(f)
    print("%d channels, %d bits per sample, %d Hz sample rate " %
          (wav.channel_count, wav.bits_per_sample, wav.sample_rate))

    # Audio playback object - we'll go with either mono or stereo depending on
    # what we see in the first file
    if wav.channel_count == 1:
        audio = audioio.AudioOut(board.A0)
    elif wav.channel_count == 2:
        # audio = audioio.AudioOut(board.A0, right_channel=board.A0)
        audio = audioio.AudioOut(board.A0)
    else:
        raise RuntimeError("Must be mono or stereo waves!")
    mixer = audioio.Mixer(voice_count=4,
                          sample_rate=wav.sample_rate,
                          channel_count=wav.channel_count,
                          bits_per_sample=wav.bits_per_sample,
                          samples_signed=True)
    audio.play(mixer)

samples = []
# Read the 4 wave files, convert to stereo samples, and store
# (show load status on neopixels and play audio once loaded too!)
for v in VOICES:
    wave_file = open(v, "rb")
    print(v)
    # OK we managed to open the wave OK
    sample = audioio.WaveFile(wave_file)
    # debug play back on load!
    mixer.play(sample, voice=0)
    while mixer.playing:
        pass
    samples.append(sample)


led = DigitalInOut(board.D13)
led.direction = Direction.OUTPUT

# For signal control, we'll chat directly with seesaw, use 'ss' to shorten typing!
ss = crickit.seesaw

# define and set up inputs to use the debouncer
def make_criket_signal_debouncer(pin):  # create pin signal objects
    ss.pin_mode(pin, ss.INPUT_PULLUP)
    return Debouncer(lambda : ss.digital_read(pin))

# The IR sensors on are pullups, connect to ground to activate
clock_pin = make_criket_signal_debouncer(crickit.SIGNAL1)
voice_1_pin = make_criket_signal_debouncer(crickit.SIGNAL2)
voice_2_pin = make_criket_signal_debouncer(crickit.SIGNAL3)
voice_3_pin = make_criket_signal_debouncer(crickit.SIGNAL4)
voice_4_pin = make_criket_signal_debouncer(crickit.SIGNAL5)
# Crickit capacitive touch pads
touch_1_pad = Debouncer(lambda: crickit.touch_1.value)
touch_4_pad = Debouncer(lambda: crickit.touch_4.value)
touch_2_3_pad = Debouncer(lambda:  crickit.touch_2.value and crickit.touch_3.value)

crickit.continuous_servo_1.set_pulse_width_range(min_pulse=500, max_pulse=2500)
speed = -0.04  #this is clockwise/forward at a moderate tempo


def play_voice(vo):
    mixer.stop_voice(vo)
    mixer.play(samples[vo], voice=vo, loop=False)

while True:
    clock_pin.update()  #debouncer at work
    voice_1_pin.update()
    voice_2_pin.update()
    voice_3_pin.update()
    voice_4_pin.update()
    touch_1_pad.update()
    touch_4_pad.update()
    touch_2_3_pad.update()

    crickit.continuous_servo_1.throttle = speed  # spin the disc at speed defined by touch pads

    if clock_pin.fell:  # sensor noticed change from white (reflection) to black (no reflection)
                        # this means a clock tick has begun, time to check if any steps will play
        led.value = 0

        if voice_1_pin.value:  # a black step (no reflection) mark during clock tick, play a sound!
            led.value = 1  # light up LED when step is read
            # print('|   .kick.    |             |                  |            |')
            play_voice(0)

        if voice_2_pin.value:
            led.value = 1
            # print('|             |   .snare.   |                  |            |')
            play_voice(1)

        if voice_3_pin.value:
            led.value = 1
            # print('|             |             |   .closed hat.   |            |')
            play_voice(2)

        if voice_4_pin.value:
            led.value = 1
            # print('|             |             |                  |   .clap.   |')
            play_voice(3)

    if touch_4_pad.rose:  # speed it up
        speed -= 0.001
        # print("speed: %s" % speed)

    if touch_1_pad.rose:  #  slow it down
        speed += 0.001
        # you can comment out the next two lines if you want to go backwards
        # however, the clock ticks may not register with the default template spacing
        if speed >= 0: # to prevent backwards
            speed = 0
        # print("speed: %s" % speed)

    if touch_2_3_pad.rose:  # stop the disc
        speed = 0
        # print("speed: %s" % speed)

The board will start up and play the four samples and then begin turning the servo motor!

Tune the Servo

Go ahead and plug in the power adapter and turn on the Crickit. The sounds will each play one time and then the servo will start to spin. In order to calibrate the servo, press the Crickit's touch pads 2 & 3 at the same time. If the servo stopped spinning, great! More likely, it is still spinning, perhaps even faster than before.

Use a small Phillips screwdriver to turn the adjustment potentiometer that is accessible through a small hole in the servo housing until the servo stops spinning. Now, it is calibrated.

You can get the servo moving forward again by tapping the Crickit's touch pad 4 a few times.

Go ahead and turn off the Crickit's power switch while we set it all up!

Build the Sequencer and Make Beats

by John Park
feather_disc_diagram.jpg

Sequencer Theory

This is the anatomy of a sequencer disc. There are five circular tracks, each broken into 16 steps. Think of them as four measures of 4/4 time (four beats to the measure, 1/4 note gets the beat). So, each step is a quarter note.

This is a typical pattern style for a 16-step drum machine pattern. You can count it off as "one-2-3-4, two-2-3-4, three-2-3-4, four-2-3-4"

The outer ring is the clock track. It keeps time and its steps tell the whole system when to check for drum steps to play. Whenever a new clock step is sensed, the pattern has advanced one step.

The four inner tracks are for the four drum sample .wav files (they don't have to be drums, actually, any sample you want to play will work). One sample sound will be triggered per track, wherever a filled-in black step is sensed.

I've chosen a kick drum, snare drum, closed high hat, and clap as the four samples. Each track corresponds to one sample .wav file as well as one "voice" of the CircuitPython audio mixer.

Here's an example of a traditional, Roland 808-style drum pattern, created with Pattern.Sketch.com

feather_hiphopPattern.png

Now, imagine we tidy that up to only the four tracks and the clock track at the top:

feather_hiphopPattern_cleaned.jpg

Then, we deform it into a circle, by going from rectangular to circular polar coordinates:

feather_hiphopPatternPolar.jpg

Hey! Now we've got a disc version of our drum pattern!

Pattern Discs

Here's a clean version we can use with the sensor strip:

feather_dss_hiphop2.png

One difference you'll notice is that the clock steps have been rotated to occur a little bit before the drum steps. This is to give the clock track sensor and Feather M4 time to register a clock tick and then scan the other four sensors to see if a drum step needs to be triggered.

I've also added some space between steps, this aids the sensors in detecting the "edge" between a white, reflective portion of the disc, and a black, non-reflective step mark.

You can now download and print out the .pdf files linked below. Just make sure you print them at 1:1 scale (a.k.a. "actual size") -- the circle has an 8" diameter so will fit on a sheet of Letter-sized paper.

White cardstock works great, but you can use regular printer paper as well. Use scissors to cut out the discs.

feather_IMG_3292_2k.jpg

You can use a hobby knife to cut out the center circle, which helps with alignment later.

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Platter

Now, we need a way to mount the pattern disc to the continuous rotation servo motor. You can cut out a flat piece of chipboard, or even better, laser cut an 8" circle with a hole in the middle for perfect servo horn alignment.

This can also be done with an MDF circle from the craft store or laser cut acrylic if you want something perfectly flat.

feather_IMG_3295_2k.jpg

You can print and cut this template to make it simple to find the edges and center of your cardboard if you like.

Servo Horn Mount

Use hot glue to mount one of the servo horns to the center of the platter. To keep things even, I find it best to hold the two parts together and then use hot glue on top of them, rather than between the surfaces.

feather_IMG_3297_2k.jpg

feather_IMG_3298_2k.jpg

Next, use a few dabs of glue stick to hold the paper disc to the cardboard platter. Go sparingly and the disc will work well, but still be easy to remove to swap out discs.

feather_IMG_3301_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3304_2k.jpg

Now, press the platter and horn onto the servo shaft.

feather_IMG_3305_2k.jpg

feather_IMG_3306_2k.jpg

Build the Player

Now, we'll arrange our parts onto a base made of foam-core board, using hot glue to hold down the servo and speaker. (Platter has been removed from the servo for this photo.)

feather_IMG_3309_2k.jpg

feather_IMG_3310_2k.jpg

feather_IMG_3311_2k.jpg

You don't need to mount the Crickit if you don't want to, or use some double-stick foam tape or 2.5mm nylon screws and standoffs to secure it.

Sensor Arm

The sensor bar requires adjustment to get the best angle, so we'll convert a third-hand tool into our adjustable sensor arm.

Remove the main arm from the base by loosening the retention screw.

 

Take one of the alligator clips off of one end, and place it into the base socket, then tighten.

 

This will allow three degrees of freedom in placing the board.

 

Add a nylon standoff and screw to the perma proto board as shown.

 

Clamp alligator clip onto the standoff. (Heat shrink tubing is optional.)

 

The stand can now be adjusted easily!

 

 
feather_IMG_3320_2k.jpg

Sensor Placement and Test Run

We're ready to do this! Place the sensor assembly over the disc and angle it as shown, with the sensors a few millimeters from the surface.

feather_IMG_3321_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3322_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3359_2k_b.jpg

Plug in the power adapter, and turn on the Crickit on/off switch. The sounds will each play once, then the disc will start to spin! If it doesn't spin, double check all connections and make sure you calibrated the servo as outlined on the previous page of this guide.

You'll hear a hip hop beat playing when the sensor is aligned properly. This is the trickiest part, so take your time adjusting the angle and height of the sensors over the disc. Each sensor should be over it's own track.

Once you have a good alignment, go ahead and secure the sensor base to the foam-core with some hot glue. You'll still be able to make fine adjustments if needed, but won't need to worry about the base being knocked off course.

feather_IMG_3325_2k.jpg

DIY Patterns

To make your own pattern discs, all you need to do is print out a blank template, and then fill in the steps with a black chalk marker. Sharpies and other ink markers tend to be too shiny, so the matte finish of the chalk paint marker is what you want.

feather_IMG_3332_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3334_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3349_2k.jpg
feather_IMG_3351_2k.jpg

Now, you can make your own drum tracks! You can also use your own samples as well -- just make sure they are PCM 16-bit Mono WAV files at 22KHz sample rate. You can follow this guide for more info on converting your audio files.

Mods and Improvements

This project could be extended into an even more fully featured drum sequencer! Here are some ideas:

  • With a greater distance between sensors you may improve their ability to read tracks from a greater distance (less lateral IR light spill from neighbors
  • You could use a full sized perma-proto board and a larger disc to add more sensors and therefore the ability to read more tracks. How about some toms, cymbals, and clavs?
  • What about subdividing it into 32 steps for greater variety?
  • A metal disc with magnetic step markers could be fun for quickly adjusting patterns
  • You could go out to a proper amplifier and speaker stack for some huge sound!
This guide was first published on Jan 09, 2019. It was last updated on Jan 09, 2019.