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Getting Familiar

CircuitPython is a programming language based on Python, one of the fastest growing programming languages in the world. It is specifically designed to simplify experimenting and learning to code on low-cost microcontroller boards. Here are some guides which cover the basics:

Be sure you have the latest CircuitPython for PyPortal loaded onto your board. This should be from no earlier than the end of Feb 2019. [At this writing 4.0 Beta 3 is recommended]

CircuitPython is easiest to use within the Mu Editor. If you haven't previously used Mu, this guide will get you started.

internet_of_things___iot_cp-screen3.jpg

Download Library Files

Plug your Feather M4 Express board into your computer via a USB cable. Please be sure the cable is a good power+data cable so the computer can talk to the Feather board.

A new disk should appear in your computer's file explorer/finder called CIRCUITPY. This is the place we'll copy the code and code library. If you can only get a drive named CPLAYBOOT, load CircuitPython per the PyPortal guide above.

Create a new directory on the CIRCUITPY drive named lib.

Download the latest CircuitPython driver package to your computer using the green button below. Match the library you get to the version of CircuitPython you are using. Save to your computer's hard drive where you can find it.

With your computer's file explorer/finder, browse to the bundle and open it up. You'll need to copy three libraries to CIRCUITPY/lib:

  • the adafruit_bitmap_font directory
  • the adafruit_bus_device directory
  • the adafruit_display_text directory
  • the adafruit_esp32spi directory
  • adafruit_pyportal.mpy
  • adafruit_touchscreen.mpy
  • neopixel.mpy
  • adafruit_logging.mpy

The Code

The main code file is below, but you will need to download the entire repo using the Project Zip link above the file.

Download Project Bundle
Copy Code 
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Dave Astels for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

"""
PyPortal based alarm clock.

Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code.
Please support Adafruit and open source hardware by purchasing
products from Adafruit!

Written by Dave Astels for Adafruit Industries
Copyright (c) 2019 Adafruit Industries
Licensed under the MIT license.

All text above must be included in any redistribution.
"""

#pylint:disable=redefined-outer-name,no-member,global-statement
#pylint:disable=no-self-use,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
#pylint:disable=useless-super-delegation, too-many-locals

import time
import json
from secrets import secrets
import board
from adafruit_pyportal import PyPortal
from adafruit_bitmap_font import bitmap_font
from adafruit_display_text.label import Label
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction, Pull
import analogio
import displayio
import adafruit_logging as logging

# Set up where we'll be fetching data from
DATA_SOURCE = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?id='+secrets['city_id']
DATA_SOURCE += '&appid='+secrets['openweather_token']
# You'll need to get a token from openweather.org, looks like 'b6907d289e10d714a6e88b30761fae22'
DATA_LOCATION = []

####################
# setup hardware

pyportal = PyPortal(url=DATA_SOURCE,
                    json_path=DATA_LOCATION,
                    status_neopixel=board.NEOPIXEL)

light = analogio.AnalogIn(board.LIGHT)

snooze_button = DigitalInOut(board.D3)
snooze_button.direction = Direction.INPUT
snooze_button.pull = Pull.UP

####################
# variables

# alarm support

alarm_background = 'red_alert.bmp'
alarm_file = 'alarm.wav'
alarm_enabled = True
alarm_armed = True
alarm_interval = 10.0
alarm_hour = 9
alarm_minute = 45
snooze_time = None
snooze_interval = 600.0

# mugsy support
mugsy_background = 'mugsy_background.bmp'

# weather support

icon_file = None
icon_sprite = None
celcius = secrets['celcius']

# display/data refresh timers

refresh_time = None
update_time = None
weather_refresh = None

# The most recently fetched time
current_time = None

# track whether we're in low light mode

low_light = False


####################
# Load the fonts

time_font = bitmap_font.load_font('/fonts/Anton-Regular-104.bdf')
time_font.load_glyphs(b'0123456789:') # pre-load glyphs for fast printing

alarm_font = bitmap_font.load_font('/fonts/Helvetica-Bold-36.bdf')
alarm_font.load_glyphs(b'0123456789:')

temperature_font = bitmap_font.load_font('/fonts/Arial-16.bdf')
temperature_font.load_glyphs(b'0123456789CF')

####################
# Set up logging

logger = logging.getLogger('alarm_clock')
logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
logger.setLevel(logging.ERROR)            # change as desired

####################
# Functions

def create_text_areas(configs):
    """Given a list of area specifications, create and return test areas."""
    text_areas = []
    for cfg in configs:
        textarea = Label(cfg['font'], text=' '*cfg['size'])
        textarea.x = cfg['x']
        textarea.y = cfg['y']
        textarea.color = cfg['color']
        text_areas.append(textarea)
    return text_areas


def clear_splash():
    for _ in range(len(pyportal.splash) - 1):
        pyportal.splash.pop()


def touch_in_button(t, b):
    in_horizontal = b['left'] <= t[0] <= b['right']
    in_vertical = b['top'] <= t[1] <= b['bottom']
    return in_horizontal and in_vertical


touched = False

####################
# states

class State(object):
    """State abstract base class"""

    def __init__(self):
        pass


    @property
    def name(self):
        """Return the name of teh state"""
        return ''


    def tick(self, now):
        """Handle a tick: one pass through the main loop"""
        pass


    #pylint:disable=unused-argument
    def touch(self, t, touched):
        """Handle a touch event.
        :param (x, y, z) - t: the touch location/strength"""
        return bool(t)


    def enter(self):
        """Just after the state is entered."""
        pass


    def exit(self):
        """Just before the state exits."""
        clear_splash()


class Time_State(State):
    """This state manages the primary time display screen/mode"""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.background_day = 'main_background_day.bmp'
        self.background_night = 'main_background_night.bmp'
        self.refresh_time = None
        self.update_time = None
        self.weather_refresh = None
        text_area_configs = [dict(x=88, y=170, size=5, color=0xFFFFFF, font=time_font),
                             dict(x=210, y=50, size=5, color=0xFF0000, font=alarm_font),
                             dict(x=88, y=90, size=6, color=0xFFFFFF, font=temperature_font)]
        self.text_areas = create_text_areas(text_area_configs)
        self.weather_icon = displayio.Group()
        self.weather_icon.x = 88
        self.weather_icon.y = 20
        self.icon_file = None

        self.snooze_icon = displayio.Group()
        self.snooze_icon.x = 260
        self.snooze_icon.y = 70
        self.snooze_file = None

        # each button has it's edges as well as the state to transition to when touched
        self.buttons = [dict(left=0, top=50, right=80, bottom=120, next_state='settings'),
                        dict(left=0, top=155, right=80, bottom=220, next_state='mugsy')]


    @property
    def name(self):
        return 'time'


    def adjust_backlight_based_on_light(self, force=False):
        """Check light level. Adjust the backlight and background image if it's dark."""
        global low_light
        if light.value <= 1000 and (force or not low_light):
            pyportal.set_backlight(0.01)
            pyportal.set_background(self.background_night)
            low_light = True
        elif force or (light.value >= 2000 and low_light):
            pyportal.set_backlight(1.00)
            pyportal.set_background(self.background_day)
            low_light = False


    def tick(self, now):
        global alarm_armed, snooze_time, update_time, current_time

        # is the snooze button pushed? Cancel the snooze if so.
        if not snooze_button.value:
            if snooze_time:
                self.snooze_icon.pop()
            snooze_time = None
            alarm_armed = False

        # is snooze active and the snooze time has passed? Transition to alram is so.
        if snooze_time and ((now - snooze_time) >= snooze_interval):
            change_to_state('alarm')
            return

        # check light level and adjust background & backlight
        #self.adjust_backlight_based_on_light()

        # only query the online time once per hour (and on first run)
        if (not self.refresh_time) or ((now - self.refresh_time) > 3600):
            logger.debug('Fetching time')
            try:
                pyportal.get_local_time(location=secrets['timezone'])
                self.refresh_time = now
            except RuntimeError as e:
                self.refresh_time = now - 3000   # delay 10 minutes before retrying
                logger.error('Some error occured, retrying! - %s', str(e))

        # only query the weather every 10 minutes (and on first run)
        if (not self.weather_refresh) or (now - self.weather_refresh) > 600:
            logger.debug('Fetching weather')
            try:
                value = pyportal.fetch()
                weather = json.loads(value)

                # set the icon/background
                weather_icon_name = weather['weather'][0]['icon']
                try:
                    self.weather_icon.pop()
                except IndexError:
                    pass
                filename = "/icons/"+weather_icon_name+".bmp"

                if filename:
                    # CircuitPython 6 & 7 compatible
                    if self.icon_file:
                        self.icon_file.close()
                    self.icon_file = open(filename, "rb")
                    icon = displayio.OnDiskBitmap(self.icon_file)

                    icon_sprite = displayio.TileGrid(icon,
                                                     pixel_shader=getattr(icon, 'pixel_shader', displayio.ColorConverter()),
                                                     x=0, y=0)

                    # # CircuitPython 7+ compatible
                    # icon = displayio.OnDiskBitmap(filename)
                    # icon_sprite = displayio.TileGrid(icon, pixel_shader=icon.pixel_shader)

                    self.weather_icon.append(icon_sprite)

                temperature = weather['main']['temp'] - 273.15 # its...in kelvin
                if celcius:
                    temperature_text = '%3d C' % round(temperature)
                else:
                    temperature_text = '%3d F' % round(((temperature * 9 / 5) + 32))
                self.text_areas[2].text = temperature_text
                self.weather_refresh = now
                try:
                    board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
                except AttributeError:
                    board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
                    board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()


            except RuntimeError as e:
                self.weather_refresh = now - 540   # delay a minute before retrying
                logger.error("Some error occured, retrying! - %s", str(e))

        if (not update_time) or ((now - update_time) > 30):
            # Update the time
            update_time = now
            current_time = time.localtime()
            time_string = '%02d:%02d' % (current_time.tm_hour,current_time.tm_min)
            self.text_areas[0].text = time_string
            try:
                board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
            except AttributeError:
                board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
                board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()


            # Check if alarm should sound
        if current_time is not None and not snooze_time:
            minutes_now = current_time.tm_hour * 60 + current_time.tm_min
            minutes_alarm = alarm_hour * 60 + alarm_minute
            if minutes_now == minutes_alarm:
                if alarm_armed:
                    change_to_state('alarm')
            else:
                alarm_armed = alarm_enabled


    def touch(self, t, touched):
        if t and not touched:             # only process the initial touch
            for button_index in range(len(self.buttons)):
                b = self.buttons[button_index]
                if touch_in_button(t, b):
                    change_to_state(b['next_state'])
                    break
        return bool(t)


    def enter(self):
        self.adjust_backlight_based_on_light(force=True)
        for ta in self.text_areas:
            pyportal.splash.append(ta)
        pyportal.splash.append(self.weather_icon)
        if snooze_time:
            # CircuitPython 6 & 7 compatible
            if self.snooze_file:
                self.snooze_file.close()
            self.snooze_file = open('/icons/zzz.bmp', "rb")
            icon = displayio.OnDiskBitmap(self.snooze_file)
            icon_sprite = displayio.TileGrid(icon,
                                             pixel_shader=getattr(icon, 'pixel_shader', displayio.ColorConverter()))

            # # CircuitPython 7+ compatible
            # icon = displayio.OnDiskBitmap("/icons/zzz.bmp")
            # icon_sprite = displayio.TileGrid(icon, pixel_shader=icon.pixel_shader)

            self.snooze_icon.append(icon_sprite)
            pyportal.splash.append(self.snooze_icon)
        if alarm_enabled:
            self.text_areas[1].text = '%2d:%02d' % (alarm_hour, alarm_minute)
        else:
            self.text_areas[1].text = '     '
        try:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
        except AttributeError:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
            board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()



    def exit(self):
        super().exit()
        for _ in range(len(self.snooze_icon)):
            self.snooze_icon.pop()


class Mugsy_State(Time_State):
    """This state tells Mugsey 'Make me a coffee' """

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()


    @property
    def name(self):
        return 'mugsy'


    def tick(self, now):
        # Once the job is done, go back to the main screen
        change_to_state('time')

    def enter(self):
        global low_light
        low_light = False
        pyportal.set_backlight(1.00)
        pyportal.set_background(mugsy_background)
        try:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
        except AttributeError:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
            board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()




class Alarm_State(State):
    """This state shows/sounds the alarm.
    Touching anywhere on the screen cancells the alarm.
    Pressing the snooze button turns of the alarm, starting it again in 10 minutes."""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.sound_alarm_time = None


    @property
    def name(self):
        return 'alarm'


    def tick(self, now):
        global snooze_time

        # is the snooze button pushed
        if not snooze_button.value:
            snooze_time = now
            change_to_state('time')
            return

        # is it time to sound the alarm?
        if self.sound_alarm_time and (now - self.sound_alarm_time) > alarm_interval:
            self.sound_alarm_time = now
            pyportal.play_file(alarm_file)


    def touch(self, t, touched):
        global snooze_time
        if t and not touched:
            snooze_time = None
            change_to_state('time')
        return bool(t)


    def enter(self):
        global low_light
        self.sound_alarm_time = time.monotonic() - alarm_interval
        pyportal.set_backlight(1.00)
        pyportal.set_background(alarm_background)
        low_light = False
        try:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
        except AttributeError:
            board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
            board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()



    def exit(self):
        global alarm_armed
        super().exit()
        alarm_armed = bool(snooze_time)


class Setting_State(State):
    """This state lets the user enable/disable the alarm and set its time.
    Swiping up/down adjusts the hours & miniutes separately."""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.previous_touch = None
        self.background = 'settings_background.bmp'
        text_area_configs = [dict(x=88, y=120, size=5, color=0xFFFFFF, font=time_font)]

        self.text_areas = create_text_areas(text_area_configs)
        self.buttons = [dict(left=0, top=30, right=80, bottom=93),    # on
                        dict(left=0, top=98, right=80, bottom=152),   # return
                        dict(left=0, top=155, right=80, bottom=220),  # off
                        dict(left=100, top=0, right=200, bottom = 240), # hours
                        dict(left=220, top=0, right=320, bottom = 240)]   # minutes


    @property
    def name(self):
        return 'settings'


    def touch(self, t, touched):
        global alarm_hour, alarm_minute, alarm_enabled
        if t:
            if touch_in_button(t, self.buttons[0]):   # on
                logger.debug('ON touched')
                alarm_enabled = True
                self.text_areas[0].text = '%02d:%02d' % (alarm_hour, alarm_minute)
            elif touch_in_button(t, self.buttons[1]):   # return
                logger.debug('RETURN touched')
                change_to_state('time')
            elif touch_in_button(t, self.buttons[2]): # off
                logger.debug('OFF touched')
                alarm_enabled = False
                self.text_areas[0].text = '     '
            elif alarm_enabled:
                if not self.previous_touch:
                    self.previous_touch = t
                else:
                    if touch_in_button(t, self.buttons[3]):   # HOURS
                        logger.debug('HOURS touched')
                        if t[1] < (self.previous_touch[1] - 5):   # moving up
                            alarm_hour = (alarm_hour + 1) % 24
                            logger.debug('Alarm hour now: %d', alarm_hour)
                        elif t[1] > (self.previous_touch[1] + 5): # moving down
                            alarm_hour = (alarm_hour - 1) % 24
                            logger.debug('Alarm hour now: %d', alarm_hour)
                        self.text_areas[0].text = '%02d:%02d' % (alarm_hour, alarm_minute)
                    elif touch_in_button(t, self.buttons[4]): # MINUTES
                        logger.debug('MINUTES touched')
                        if t[1] < (self.previous_touch[1] - 5):   # moving up
                            alarm_minute = (alarm_minute + 1) % 60
                            logger.debug('Alarm minute now: %d', alarm_minute)
                        elif t[1] > (self.previous_touch[1] + 5): # moving down
                            alarm_minute = (alarm_minute - 1) % 60
                            logger.debug('Alarm minute now: %d', alarm_minute)
                        self.text_areas[0].text = '%02d:%02d' % (alarm_hour, alarm_minute)
                    self.previous_touch = t
            try:
                board.DISPLAY.refresh(target_frames_per_second=60)
            except AttributeError:
                board.DISPLAY.refresh_soon()
                board.DISPLAY.wait_for_frame()

        else:
            self.previous_touch = None
        return bool(t)


    def enter(self):
        global snooze_time
        snooze_time = None

        pyportal.set_background(self.background)
        for ta in self.text_areas:
            pyportal.splash.append(ta)
        if alarm_enabled:
            self.text_areas[0].text = '%02d:%02d' % (alarm_hour, alarm_minute) # set time textarea
        else:
            self.text_areas[0].text = '     '


####################
# State management

states = {'time': Time_State(),
          'mugsy': Mugsy_State(),
          'alarm': Alarm_State(),
          'settings': Setting_State()}

current_state = None


def change_to_state(state_name):
    global current_state
    if current_state:
        logger.debug('Exiting %s', current_state.name)
        current_state.exit()
    current_state = states[state_name]
    logger.debug('Entering %s', current_state.name)
    current_state.enter()

####################
# And... go

clear_splash()
change_to_state("time")

while True:
    touched = current_state.touch(pyportal.touchscreen.touch_point, touched)
    current_state.tick(time.monotonic())
View on GitHub

Your CIRCUITPY drive should look something like this after you've copied everything over:

CIRCUITPY
 Graphics Setup 

This guide was first published on Mar 27, 2019. It was last updated on Nov 30, 2023.

This page (Code) was last updated on Nov 30, 2023.

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