If you are running Occidentalis and are familiar with Terminal commands, then the description below will be sufficient.
If not, then to learn more about how to setup I2C with either Raspbian or Occidentalis, then take a minor diversion to this Adafruit Tutorial: http://learn.adafruit.com/adafruits-raspberry-pi-lesson-4-gpio-setup/configuring-i2c
When you are happy to continue enter the following commands to add SMBus support (which includes I2C) to Python:
sudo apt-get install python-smbus sudo apt-get install i2c-tools
sudo i2cdetect -y 0
If you are using a 512MB Raspberry Pi version 2, you'll want to use /dev/i2c-1 by running sudo i2cdetect -y 1 as the i2c port # changed from #0 to #1