I want to learn microcontrollers, but don't want to buy a lot of extra stuff

Start with the Circuit Playground Express:

With the Circuit Playground, we've built the engineering history for you. It has a set of input and output devices that we've seen used most often, and we've written code to help you get started. Its job is to help you get familiar with the kind of code you'll use with any other microcontroller.

You can use it with Arduino, CircuitPython, MakeCode and Code.org CS Discoveries, it has just about everything you want built in: sensors, lights, alligator clip pads. It's perfect for your first microcontroller board!

Resources

There are excellent tutorials for the Circuit Playground Express, free, in the Adafruit Learning System. The Introductory Guide is the place to start and then you can explore 100+ projects which use the board.