I have multiple computers around the house, and sometimes they need to be rebooted remotely. For example, here’s a surveillance camera server that’s located in a locked closet.

Currently the only way to turn it on is by pressing the illuminated blue push button on the front of the case. Instead of running around the house, to manually reboot the computer, we will use CircuitPython to automate this process!

The goal of this tutorial is to build a BLE peripheral that attaches to the front so the server can be turned on remotely from outside the closet. The peripheral will also wirelessly report whether the server is on or off.

This CircuitPython tutorial demonstrates how to build a battery powered Bluetooth BLE remote control to operate a BLE peripheral hosting a solenoid and a spectrally selective light detector. Two Adafruit Feather nRF52840 Express boards will be used for the BLE client and server.

2 x Adafruit Feather nRF52840 Express

CircuitPython compatible Feather with Bluetooth Low Energy and native USB

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1 x Mini Push-Pull Solenoid - 5V

Very small 20mm long solenoid with a captive armature and a return spring

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1 x N-channel power MOSFET - 30V / 60A

IRLB8721 logic level MOSFET

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1 x 10K Ω Resistor

Through-hole resistor 1/4 watt 5%

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1 x 1N4001 Diode

Kickback protection diode

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1 x Lithium Ion Polymer Battery

Ideal battery for Feathers - 3.7V 400mAh

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1 x Switch

Mini slide or rocker switch

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1 x Green LED

HLMP-CM1G-350DD 525nm 15° water clear lens

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1 x Light Tube

2mm single strand end glow fiber optic filament

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1 x 15M Ω Resistor

Through-hole resistor 1/4 watt 5%

1 x 82nF Ceramic Capacitor

Filtering capacitor 10V or higher

2 x Steel Threaded Rods

M5 x 250mm Fully Threaded

4 x Steel Nuts

M5 hex

1 x Nylon Screw

M3 x 8mm socket head

1 x Nylon Spacer Standoff

M3 x 6mm (cut to length)

There are several ways to determine if a device is powered on such as a non-contact current sensor or measuring voltage on the PCB, but I think the least expensive and least likely to void the warranty will be to detect if the blue light on the on/off push button is illuminated.

LED’s are great for emitting light, but they can also be used for detecting light. Many electronic devices can be reversed. For example a motor can be powered by electricity or it can generate electricity, a speaker can also be used as a microphone and an LED will generate current when exposed to light. Additionally, LED’s are spectrally selective. In other words, they can detect specific colors of light.

Generally speaking LED’s, are most sensitive to light that is lower than their dominant emission wavelength. Therefore, a yellow or red LED may yield the best results for detecting a green LED. Likewise an aqua or green LED could be used to detect blue light. My testing found that a sensing LED with a wavelength 50nm greater than the emitting LED worked best. If you don’t know the wavelength of the emitting LED and you don’t have an expensive spectrometer, it can easily be found using a diffraction grating such as this slide which cost under a dollar.

Place a ruler directly in front of the LED to measure. Then position the slide at a known distance of at least 5 feet from the LED. Longer distances tend to give more accurate results. Looking through the slide you’ll see that some of the light gets diffracted.

The ruler in front of the LED can be used to measure the distance from the light source to its nearest neighbor either left or right. In this case the value is 5.875 inches. The wavelength represented by λ (lambda) is equal to the following formula where d is the distance between slits in the diffraction grating, y is the distance between the LED and its nearest neighbor and L is the distance from the slide to the LED.

My diffraction grating slide has a value of d equal to 4850nm. If you don’t know this value, it can be determined by solving for d with an LED of a known wavelength. The distance to the nearest neighbor y is 5.875 inches and the distance L from the slide is 60 inches. The units cancel out so it doesn’t matter if you prefer metric. Plugging in the numbers gives a wavelength of 472nm for the blue led on the surveillance server power button. Therefore, an LED 50nm higher or around 522nm should work well as a detector. I’ll use a Broadcom high intensity green LED with a wavelength of 525nm. It has a narrow 15 degree viewing angle and a water clear lens both of which should improve the sensitivity. More information on measuring wavelength is available here.

Wiring the LED to the nRF52840 feather is very straight forward.

The LED will generate a voltage when it detects light. Therefore, the LED anode is connected to A0 which is 1 of the 6 analog to digital pins on the Feather that can read voltages and convert them to a 16 bit value. The Feather’s ground and the LED cathode are connected to a ground rail on the breadboard. As is, this circuit would be very noisy and unreliable. Therefore, a filter is added which is comprised of an 82nF ceramic capacitor and a very weak 15M Ω pull-down resistor. Both are placed between the LED anode and ground. That’s all it takes for the detector circuit. The Feather should now be able to read a voltage change on A0 when a bright blue light hits the attached green LED.

A mini 5V push-pull solenoid will be used to press the button on the front of the surveillance server.

The solenoid is an electromagnet. The metal rod in the center is called an armature. It will be drawn into the solenoid when power is applied to the coil. When power is cut, the spring will return the armature to its starting position. The solenoid draws 1.1A which is much more than the GPIO pins on the Feather can source or sink. Therefore, a logic level N-channel MOSFET will be used to drive the solenoid.

The MOSFET can act like a switch. When voltage is applied to the gate pin it allows current to flow between the drain and the source pins. An IRLB8721 is selected because its gate can be driven at logic level voltages such as the 3.3V GPIO pins of the nRF52840 Feather.

The solenoid and MOSFET are also easy to wire up.

The 5V USB line on the Feather and one lead from the solenoid are connected to a 5V rail on the breadboard. The other solenoid lead is connected to the MOSFET drain pin. The source pin is connected to ground. When enough voltage is applied to the gate, it will complete the circuit and the solenoid will activate. The gate is controlled by GPIO 13. An optional 10K ohm resistor pulls the gate to ground. This mitigates coupling capacitance and ensures the solenoid will not activate if the gate is allowed to float.

A 1N4001 or 1N4004 snubber diode is placed as close as possible to the solenoid leads with the cathode on the positive side. The diode protects the circuit. When power is cut to the solenoid, the electromagnetic field collapses and can generate a substantial flyback voltage which could damage the MOSFET or other components. The snubber diode dissipates this current.

Here’s the breadboard components converted to a small 45.5mm x 35.5mm PCB board design using the free version of Autodesk Eagle. The files will download via the green button below and are also on GitHub.

Eagle files for making a custom PCB

Two female 2.54mm headers (12 & 16 pin) accommodate the Feather. Two male 2.0mm JST PH shrouded connectors (2 pin) receive the LED and solenoid. I etched the board myself using a laser printer and muriatic acid.

I've posted my etching instructions. If you don't fell like doing it yourself there are many online services that can prototype a PCB for a very reasonable fee.

Alternate Circuit Board - Perma Proto

You could also skip the design and just use an Adafruit perma-proto board.

Female header pins, cut to the right length with diagonal cutters, make for a socket to plug in the Feather board for possible changes.

For the rest of the circuit, move the parts and wires from the breadboard to the corresponding places on the Perma Proto and solder on, it's that simple!

Please use eye protection when cutting header pieces or other materials.

The free version of SketchUp was used to design a brackets to hold the PCB to the front of the surveillance server. Click the green button below to download the files or see them on GitHub.

SketchUp files for the bracket

There’s a slot to secure the solenoid over the push button. On the side is a through hole for the LED light detector. The bracket will slide over the front of the server. Threaded rods will mount through the holes on the side and secure it to another bracket in the back. The PCB will snap into the middle section and is restrained by top and bottom clips.

I 3D printed the brackets using black PLA filament to match the surveillance server color. The mini 5V push pull solenoid fits snugly into the slot on the bracket, but just to make sure it doesn’t wiggle loose, I also printed a small cover plate to secure it. The plate is secured with a screw that self-taps into the hole above the solenoid. When activated, the solenoid will only travel a few millimeters but it’s enough to engage the server’s power button.

M5 x 250mm fully threaded stainless steel rods connect the brackets. The assembly slides over the server and the nuts are tightened to hold it in place. The design affords easy adjustments to ensure the solenoid and LED are correctly positioned over the illuminated power button.

The server code requires the following libraries from the CircuitPython Bundle:

adafruit_ble
adafruit_bluefruit_connect

The code for this project needs extensive revision due to changes in CircuitPython. Sorry!

The latest version can be obtained from the Adafruit CircuitPython BLE repo.

Plug in one Feather nRF52840 to your computer via a known good USB data + power cable. The board should show up as a disk drive named CIRCUITPY. Use this guide to update CircuitPython - you will want the latest version 5.0 or above.

Download and copy the two aforementioned libraries to the lib folder on the Feather.

Here's the server code for the BLE peripheral. Click the download link and save to your computer. Then copy the server.py file to code.py on the Feather.

Download Project Bundle

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# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Anne Barela for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

from time import sleep
from adafruit_ble import BLERadio
from adafruit_ble.advertising.standard import ProvideServicesAdvertisement
from adafruit_ble.services.nordic import UARTService
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.packet import Packet
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.button_packet import ButtonPacket
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.color_packet import ColorPacket
from board import A0, D13
from analogio import AnalogIn
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction

led = AnalogIn(A0)  # Initialize blue LED light detector

solenoid = DigitalInOut(D13)  # Initialize solenoid
solenoid.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
solenoid.value = False

ble = BLERadio()
uart_server = UARTService()
advertisement = ProvideServicesAdvertisement(uart_server)

while True:
    ble.start_advertising(advertisement)  # Advertise when not connected.
    while not ble.connected:
        pass

    while ble.connected:  # Connected
        if uart_server.in_waiting:  # Check BLE commands
            packet = Packet.from_stream(uart_server)
            if isinstance(packet, ButtonPacket):
                if packet.button == '1' and packet.pressed:
                    solenoid.value = True  # Activate solenoid for 1 second
                    sleep(1)
                    solenoid.value = False

        led_intensity = led.value  # Check blue LED detector intensity
        led_on = led_intensity > 1000
        # Color: red = off, green = on
        color_packet = ColorPacket((255 * int(not led_on), 255 * led_on, 0))
        try:
            uart_server.write(color_packet.to_bytes())  # Transmit state color
        except OSError:
            pass

        sleep(.2)

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Anne Barela for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

from time import sleep
from adafruit_ble import BLERadio
from adafruit_ble.advertising.standard import ProvideServicesAdvertisement
from adafruit_ble.services.nordic import UARTService
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.packet import Packet
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.button_packet import ButtonPacket
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.color_packet import ColorPacket
from board import A0, D13
from analogio import AnalogIn
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction

led = AnalogIn(A0)  # Initialize blue LED light detector

solenoid = DigitalInOut(D13)  # Initialize solenoid
solenoid.direction = Direction.OUTPUT
solenoid.value = False

ble = BLERadio()
uart_server = UARTService()
advertisement = ProvideServicesAdvertisement(uart_server)

while True:
    ble.start_advertising(advertisement)  # Advertise when not connected.
    while not ble.connected:
        pass

    while ble.connected:  # Connected
        if uart_server.in_waiting:  # Check BLE commands
            packet = Packet.from_stream(uart_server)
            if isinstance(packet, ButtonPacket):
                if packet.button == '1' and packet.pressed:
                    solenoid.value = True  # Activate solenoid for 1 second
                    sleep(1)
                    solenoid.value = False

        led_intensity = led.value  # Check blue LED detector intensity
        led_on = led_intensity > 1000
        # Color: red = off, green = on
        color_packet = ColorPacket((255 * int(not led_on), 255 * led_on, 0))
        try:
            uart_server.write(color_packet.to_bytes())  # Transmit state color
        except OSError:
            pass

        sleep(.2)

The remote control client will just be another Adafruit Feather nRF52840 Express board. The board comes with a built in NeoPixel and a push button switch so no external components will be required. It also has a LiPo battery jack and charging circuit so the remote control can be battery operated.

Adafruit provides free modular case designs on Thingiverse to house the Feather boards. The STL files are easy to modify and 3D print.

Here are the 3D printed parts for the remote control.

The bottom container holds the battery and an on/off switch. The default design has a mini slide switch. I modified the design to a mini rocker because I prefer the more defined throw. When the switch is turned on the battery will power the Feather.

The 2 modular containers snap securely together. I drilled 2 holes in the grey case lid. I inserted a black nylon screw through one hole and secured it with a nylon stand-off. It will actuate the built-in push button switch on the Feather. The other hole holds a segment of 2mm end glow fiber optic filament. This acts as light tube for the built-in NeoPixel on the Feather.

The client code requires the following libraries from the CircuitPython Bundle:

adafruit_ble
adafruit_bluefruit_connect
adafruit_debouncer
adafruit_fancyled
neopixel

The code for this project needs extensive revision due to changes in CircuitPython. Sorry!

The latest version can be obtained from the Adafruit CircuitPython BLE repo.

Copy the 5 libraries to the lib folder on the Feather.

Here's the client code for the BLE peripheral. Click the download link and save to your computer. Then copy the client.py file to code.py on the Feather.

Download Project Bundle

Copy Code

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Anne Barela for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

from time import sleep
from adafruit_ble.uart_client import UARTClient
from adafruit_ble.scanner import Scanner
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.packet import Packet
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.button_packet import ButtonPacket
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.color_packet import ColorPacket
from neopixel import NeoPixel
from board import NEOPIXEL, SWITCH
from adafruit_debouncer import Debouncer
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction, Pull
import adafruit_fancyled.adafruit_fancyled as fancy

pin = DigitalInOut(SWITCH)  # Set up built-in pushbutton switch
pin.direction = Direction.INPUT
pin.pull = Pull.UP
switch = Debouncer(pin)

pixels = NeoPixel(NEOPIXEL, 1)  # Set up built-in NeoPixel

AQUA = 0x00FFFF    # (0, 255, 255)
GREEN = 0x00FF00   # (0, 255, 0)
ORANGE = 0xFF8000  # (255, 128, 0)
RED = 0xFF0000     # (255, 0, 0)
BLUE = 0x0000FF    # (0, 0, 255)

gradients = {'Off': [(0.0, RED), (0.75, ORANGE)],
             'On':  [(0.0, GREEN), (1.0, AQUA)]}
palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['Off'], 30)

gamma_levels = (0.25, 0.3, 0.15)
color_index = 1
fade_direction = 1

TARGET = 'a0:b4:c2:d0:e7:f2'  # CHANGE TO YOUR BLE ADDRESS

button_packet = ButtonPacket("1", True)  # Transmits pressed button 1

scanner = Scanner()  # BLE Scanner
uart_client = UARTClient()  # BLE Client

while True:
    uart_addresses = []
    pixels[0] = BLUE  # Blue LED indicates disconnected status
    pixels.show()

    # Keep trying to find target UART peripheral
    while not uart_addresses:
        uart_addresses = uart_client.scan(scanner)
        for address in uart_addresses:
            if TARGET in str(address):
                uart_client.connect(address, 5)  # Connect to target

    while uart_client.connected:  # Connected
        switch.update()
        if switch.fell:  # Check for button press
            try:
                uart_client.write(button_packet.to_bytes())  # Transmit press
            except OSError:
                pass
        # Check for LED status receipt
        if uart_client.in_waiting:
            packet = Packet.from_stream(uart_client)
            if isinstance(packet, ColorPacket):
                if fancy.CRGB(*packet.color).pack() == GREEN:  # Color match
                    # Green indicates on state
                    palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['On'], 30)
                else:
                    # Otherwise red indicates off
                    palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['Off'], 30)

        # NeoPixel color fading routing
        color = fancy.palette_lookup(palette, color_index / 29)
        color = fancy.gamma_adjust(color, brightness=gamma_levels)
        c = color.pack()
        pixels[0] = c
        pixels.show()
        if color_index in (0, 28):
            fade_direction *= -1  # Change direction
        color_index += fade_direction

        sleep(0.02)

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Anne Barela for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

from time import sleep
from adafruit_ble.uart_client import UARTClient
from adafruit_ble.scanner import Scanner
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.packet import Packet
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.button_packet import ButtonPacket
from adafruit_bluefruit_connect.color_packet import ColorPacket
from neopixel import NeoPixel
from board import NEOPIXEL, SWITCH
from adafruit_debouncer import Debouncer
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Direction, Pull
import adafruit_fancyled.adafruit_fancyled as fancy

pin = DigitalInOut(SWITCH)  # Set up built-in pushbutton switch
pin.direction = Direction.INPUT
pin.pull = Pull.UP
switch = Debouncer(pin)

pixels = NeoPixel(NEOPIXEL, 1)  # Set up built-in NeoPixel

AQUA = 0x00FFFF    # (0, 255, 255)
GREEN = 0x00FF00   # (0, 255, 0)
ORANGE = 0xFF8000  # (255, 128, 0)
RED = 0xFF0000     # (255, 0, 0)
BLUE = 0x0000FF    # (0, 0, 255)

gradients = {'Off': [(0.0, RED), (0.75, ORANGE)],
             'On':  [(0.0, GREEN), (1.0, AQUA)]}
palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['Off'], 30)

gamma_levels = (0.25, 0.3, 0.15)
color_index = 1
fade_direction = 1

TARGET = 'a0:b4:c2:d0:e7:f2'  # CHANGE TO YOUR BLE ADDRESS

button_packet = ButtonPacket("1", True)  # Transmits pressed button 1

scanner = Scanner()  # BLE Scanner
uart_client = UARTClient()  # BLE Client

while True:
    uart_addresses = []
    pixels[0] = BLUE  # Blue LED indicates disconnected status
    pixels.show()

    # Keep trying to find target UART peripheral
    while not uart_addresses:
        uart_addresses = uart_client.scan(scanner)
        for address in uart_addresses:
            if TARGET in str(address):
                uart_client.connect(address, 5)  # Connect to target

    while uart_client.connected:  # Connected
        switch.update()
        if switch.fell:  # Check for button press
            try:
                uart_client.write(button_packet.to_bytes())  # Transmit press
            except OSError:
                pass
        # Check for LED status receipt
        if uart_client.in_waiting:
            packet = Packet.from_stream(uart_client)
            if isinstance(packet, ColorPacket):
                if fancy.CRGB(*packet.color).pack() == GREEN:  # Color match
                    # Green indicates on state
                    palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['On'], 30)
                else:
                    # Otherwise red indicates off
                    palette = fancy.expand_gradient(gradients['Off'], 30)

        # NeoPixel color fading routing
        color = fancy.palette_lookup(palette, color_index / 29)
        color = fancy.gamma_adjust(color, brightness=gamma_levels)
        c = color.pack()
        pixels[0] = c
        pixels.show()
        if color_index in (0, 28):
            fade_direction *= -1  # Change direction
        color_index += fade_direction

        sleep(0.02)

The program scans for BLE peripherals and connects once the target is located.

The user switch is debounced. Generally speaking, when a mechanical switch is pressed, it doesn’t just change from open to closed. The metal contacts oscillate for a few milliseconds. This can trick a microcontroller into reading multiple presses. The debouncer suppresses these erroneous readings. When the switch is pressed a button packet is sent to the server to activate the solenoid.

Next, the code monitors the UART buffer for color packets and uses FancyLED to generate smooth LED color fading for the corresponding color palette. The remote control fades green/aqua if the server is on. Otherwise, it fades red/orange.

This guide was first published on Oct 16, 2019. It was last updated on Dec 09, 2023.